How do modern companies assess business risk?

July 7, 2024 No Comments

A: Before a business can assess or mitigate business risk, it must first identify probable or likely risks to its bottom line. There is no surefire method for identification or assessment, but firms rely on reasonable approximations based on past experience. Risk processes naturally evolve

How do modern corporations deal with agency problems?

July 7, 2024 No Comments

A: Agency problems—also known as principal-agent problems or asymmetric information-driven conflicts of interest—are inherent in static corporate structures. This conflict arises when separate parties in a business relationship, such as a corporation’s managers and shareholders, or principals and agents, have disparate interests. Principals hire agents

How do NGOs get funding?

July 7, 2024 No Comments

A: A non-governmental organization (NGO) is a non-profit, citizen-based group that functions independently of government. NGOs are organized on local, national and international levels to serve specific social or political purposes. As non-profit organizations, NGOs rely on a variety of sources for funding projects, operations,

How do property rights affect externalities and market failure?

July 7, 2024 No Comments

A: Externalities, or external economies, are important subjects in economics, especially when negative externalities may adversely affect traditional Pareto-optimal outcomes. A system that protects private property rights is often the most efficient at correctly distributing costs and benefits as long as there is a visible

How do tariffs protect domestic industries?

July 7, 2024 No Comments

A: Tariffs are essentially taxes or duties placed on an imported good or service by a domestic government, making domestic goods cheaper for domestic consumers and imported goods more expensive for companies exporting goods from their industry into the domestic industry. Tariffs are normally levied

How do you calculate GDP with the expenditures approach?

July 7, 2024 No Comments

A: To calculate gross domestic product (GDP) with the expenditures approach, add up the sums of all consumer spending, government spending, business investment spending and net exports. The resulting GDP figures, also known as aggregate demand, should represent the total amount of expenditure on final goods and

How do you calculate GDP with the Income Approach?

July 7, 2024 No Comments

A: The income approach to measuring gross domestic product (GDP) is based on the accounting reality that all expenditures in an economy should equal the total income generated by the production of all economic goods and services. It also assumes that there are four major

How do you make working capital adjustments in transfer pricing?

July 7, 2024 No Comments

A: Transfer pricing refers to prices that a multinational company or group charges a second party operating in a different tax jurisdiction for goods, services and intangibles. Transfer pricing attempts to assign one of the two parties, also known as the test party, with arm’s

How do you the calculate Sharpe ratio in Excel?

July 7, 2024 No Comments

A: The Sharpe ratio helps investors evaluate the relationship between risk and return for an asset. Since it was introduced by William Sharpe in the 1960s, the Sharpe ratio has become one of the most widely used metrics in finance and economics. By quantifying both

How does a high discount rate affect the economy?

July 7, 2024 No Comments

A: Setting a high discount rate tends to have the effect of raising other interest rates in the economy, since it represents the cost of borrowing money for most major commercial banks and other depository institutions. This could be considered contractionary monetary policy. Exactly how

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